Title: Performance of TCP/IP Over ATM Networks 
Author: Mahbub Hassan and Mohammed Atiquzzaman
Publisher: Artech House
Year: 2000

Table of Contents

Chapter 1       Introduction
        1.1 TCP/IP Protocols
        1.2 TCP/IP Networking with ATM Networks
        1.3  Significance of TCP/IP Performance
        1.4  TCP/IP and ATM Standard Bodies
                1.4.1. IETF
                1.4.2 ITU
                1.4.3 ATM Forum
        1.5  Organization of the Book
             References

Chapter  2      TCP and IP
        2.1 Introduction
        2.2 TCP
                2.2.1 MSS
                2.2.2 Header Format
                2.2.3 Retransmission
                2.2.4 Flow Control
                2.2.5 Congestion Control
        2.3 IP
                2.3.1 Unreliable Delivery
                2.3.2 Connectionless Delivery
                2.3.3 IP Header Format
                2.3.4  Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
        2.5 Summary
        References

Chapter 3       ATM Networks
        3.1 Introduction
        3.2 Why ATM Networks
        3.3 ATM Protocol Architecture
        3.4 How do ATM Networks Work?
                3.4.1.  Why are Cells so Short?
                3.4.2 Traffic Contract
                3.4.2.1 Traffic Descriptors
                3.4.2.2 QoS Descriptors
                3.4.3 ATM Service Classes
                3.4.4 Congestion control
                3.4.5 Error checking
        3.5 ATM Connection Types
        3.6 ATM Adaptation Layers
        3.7 Physical Layers
                3.7.1.  DS3
                3.7.2.  TAXI
                3.7.3.  SONET
        3.8 Conclusions
        References

Chapter 4       TCP/IP over ATM
        4.1 Introduction
        4.2 ATM Deployment in TCP/IP Networks
        4.3 Running IP over ATM
                4.3.1   LAN Emulation
                4.3.1.1 Many point-to-multipoint connections
                4.3.1.2 One point-to-multipoint connections
                4.3.2   Classical IP over ATM
        4.4     Encapsulating IP Packets into ATM Cells
                4.4.1   LLC/SNAP Encapsulation
                        4.4.1.1 Routed Protocols
                        4.4.1.2 Bridged Protocols
                4.4.2   VC Based Multiplexing
                        4.4.2.1 Routed Protocols
                        4.4.2.2 Bridged Protocols
        4.5     Summary
        References

Chapter 5       Performance Issues for TCP over ATM
        5.1 Introduction
        5.2 ATM Protocol Overhead
        5.3 Effect of ATM Cell Loss on TCP/IP
        5.4 ATM Connection Setup Delay
        5.5 Effect of ABR Rate Control on TCP Performance
        5.6 Large ATM MTU and TCP Deadlock
        5.7 TCP over High Delay-Bandwidth ATM Links
        5.8 Summary
        References

Chapter 6       Reducing ATM Cell Tax
        6.1 Introduction
        6.2 VC Based Multiplexing
        6.3 TCP/IP Header Compression
                6.3.1 RFC1144
                6.3.2 How RFC1144 Reduces ATM Cell Tax
        6.4 Overall Tax Savings
        6.5 Cells in Frames
        6.6 Practical Use of Cell Tax Reduction Techniques
                6.6.1 VC Based Multiplexing
                6.6.2 TCP/IP Header Compression (RFC1144)
                6.6.3 Cells in Frames
        6.7 Summary
        References

Chapter 7       Improving TCP Performance Against ATM Cell Loss
        7.1     Introduction
        7.2     Buffering in ATM Switches
                7.2.1   Input buffered switches
                7.2.2   Output buffered switches
                7.2.3   Shared buffered switches
                7.2.4   Comparison Among Buffering Strategies
        7.3     Packet-Based Discarding
                7.3.1   Partial Packet Discard
                7.3.2   Early Packet Discard
                7.3.3 EPD with Fair Buffer Allocation
                7.3.4 EPD with Selective Drop
                7.3.5 Comparison of UBR Options
        7.4     Feedback Congestion Control
                7.4.1 ABR-EFCI
                7.4.2 ABR-ER
                7.4.3 Performance of ABR-EFCI and ABR-ER
                7.4.4 ABR versus UBR Enhancements
        7.5     Forward Error Correction
        7.6     Summary
        References

Chapter 8       TCP/IP over Switched Virtual Circuits
        8.1 Introduction
        8.2 Operational Cost of SVCs
        8.3 SVC Management
                8.3.1 Delaying the Close Down (Timer-Based)
                8.3.2 Delaying the Opening of SVC (Threshold Based)
        8.4 Performance Model for Timer Based SVC
                8.4.1. Assumptions
                8.4.2 Server States
                8.4.3 Delayed Vacation Model
                   8.4.3.1 Setup Rate
                   8.4.3.2 State Probabilities
                   8.4.3.3 Average Delay, W
                   8.4.3.4 Numerical Results
                8.4.4 Optimizing the Performance
        8.5 Performance Model for Threshold Based SVC
                8.5.1 VC Setup Rate Gamma
                8.5.2 Average Queue Lengh L
                8.5.3 Optimizing Performance
        8.6 Infinite Buffer and Self Similar Arrival
        8.7 Performance Evaluation of Signaling
                8.7.1 Results
        8.8 Summary
        References

Chapter 9       End-to-End Traffic Management in IP/ATM Internetworks
        9.1 Introduction
        9.2 Adaptive Packet Discarding at IP-ATM Edge Device
        9.3 Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to TCP
                9.3.1 Modifications to IP and TCP Headers
                9.3.2 TCP's Reaction to Congestion Notification
                9.3.3 Simulation of ECN
                9.3.4 Implementation of ECN
                9.3.5 Limitations of ECN
        9.4 Backward and Multilevel ECN
        9.5 Host Gateway Rate Control Protocol (HGRCP)
                9.5.1 Rate Computation Algorithm
                9.5.2 Rate Notification
                9.5.3 Rate Control at IP Layer
                9.5.4 Modification to IP header
                9.5.5 New ICMP Message Types
                9.5.6 Simulation of HG-RCP
                9.5.7  Implementation of HG-RCP
                        9.5.7.1 Test-Bed Configuration and Test Procedure
                        9.5.7.2 Test Results
                9.5.8 Limitations of HGRCP
        9.6 TCP Rate Control
                9.6.1 ACK-Bucket Control
                9.6.2 ACK-Bucket Implementation at Gateway
                9.6.3 ACK-Bucket Algorithms
                        9.6.3.1 TCP Source Modeling
                        9.6.3.2  Queue Threshold
                        9.6.3.3 ACR and Queue Threshold
                        9.6.3.4 ERICA+
                9.6.4. Simulation of TCP Rate Control
                9.6.5 Commercial Products
                9.6.5 ACK-Bucket Limitations
        9.7 Comparison of Schemes
        9.8 Summary
        References

Chapter 10      TCP Deadlock
        10.1 Introduction
        10.2 Causes of Deadlock
                10.2.1 Combination of Send and Receive Socket Buffers
                10.2.2 Preventing Small Packet Transmission at Sender (Nagle's Algorithm)
                10.2.3 Network Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU)
                10.2.4 Delaying Acknowledgement at Receiver
                10.2.5 Sender Action Sequence on Acknowledgement Reception
                10.2.6  Adding Data to TCP Send Buffer
        10.3 TCP Deadlocks
                10.3.1. Small Send Buffer
                10.3.2 Implementation Dependent Deadlocks
                10.3.3 Deadlock Zones
        10.4 Role of  MSS and MTU
        10.5 Impact of Deadlocks on TCP Throughput
        10.6 Preventing TCP Deadlocks
                10.6.1 Turning off Delayed ACK Option
                10.6.2 Turning off Nagle's Algorithm
                10.6.3 Send Buffer Larger than Receive Buffer
                10.6.4 Send Buffer No Less than 3MSS
        10.7 Summary
        References

Chapter 11      TCP Performance over Satellite ATM Networks
        11.1 Introduction
        11.2 Satellite ATM Networks
                11.2.1 Recent Interests
                11.2.2  Network Architecture
                11.2.3  Protocol Stack for TCP over Satellite ATM
                11.2.4 Frequency Bands
                11.2.5 GEO and LEO Satellites
                        11.2.5.1 GEO Satellites
                        11.2.5.2 LEO Satellites
                11.2.6  Some Properties of Satellite ATM Networks
                        11.2.6.1 High Bandwidth Delay Product
                        11.2.6.2 High Bit Error Rate
                        11.2.6.3 Burst Error
                11.2.7 Standard Bodies
                        11.2.7.1 ITU-R
                        11.2.7.2 TIA
                        11.2.7.3 IETF
        11.3 TCP Enhancements
                11.3.1 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery
                11.3.2 Selective Acknowledgement (SACK)
                11.3.3 Large Sliding Window
                11.3.4 TCP Time-Stamp
                11.3.5 Protection Against Wrapped Sequences (PAWS)
                11.3.6 TCP Reno
                11.3.7 TCP New Reno
        11.4 TCP Performance
                11.4.1 Simulation
                        11.4.1.1 Simulation Model
                        11.4.1.2 Simulation Results
                11.4.2 Experiments with NASA's Broadband Satellite System
                        11.4.2.1 Experimental Setup
                        11.4.2.2 TCP Performance Results
                        11.4.2.3 TCP Performance over Noisy Satellite Links
        11.5 Summary
        References